On April, 25 1990 the Golden Age of the astronomy started after the placing Hubble Space Telescope on an operational orbit. Over 3900 astronomers, who gained the opportunity to use this device, made a great contribution to the best understanding of the Universe physics for a quite short period.
What actually happens is that more question appeared. It’s difficult to dispute with the “army” of almost 4000 astronomers, having supereffective facilities, if you aren’t an astronomer. I still try to express my opinion on the direct contribution of black holes to the appearance of spiral galaxies.
Nowadays the cosmological model of theBig Bang, according to which the Universe extension started from very solid and hot condition some time ago, is widely popular. The stationary model of the Universe, stating that the Universe has existed for all the time and has neither the beginning nor the end, is also discussed. (http://cosmo.irk.ru/)
According to the cosmological model of Friedmann-Lemaitre the Universe appeared at the moment of the Big Bang about 20 billion years ago, and its extension has still continued, gradually slowing, that was already demolished by the way.
TheUniverseappearedintheconditionsofsuchconsistenceandtemperatureofthesubstance, whichcan’tbeimagined. In 0,001 s after the appearance of leptons the hadron epoch ended. The lepton age lasted within 1 s and the annihilation processes of leptonic pairs were characteristic for it. The annihilation occurred with releasing of gamma quanta. The next age after the lepton age was called the photon age. That was the time, when billion of gamma photons fell within every remained proton. This light brightness ended after beginning of the age of nuclears, which became the main fuel for the future stars. This mixture of gases, released from the recombination (a helium atom falls on every hydrogen atom) and moving from the initial point, gathered into the first celestial bodies in the way, I can’t understand. Such the extremely unpersuasive official version of the Universe birth is. The explanation of the formation of spiral galaxies and relict radiation isn’t also ideal.
The large Universe is homogeneous and the small universe is non-homogenous (galaxies, cluster of galaxies). It’s difficult to imagine, how in general isotropic gas cloud without considerate gravity centers could cause the appearance of such a structure. This is one of unsolved issues of the Big Bang cosmology, though in my opinion there is not so popular but a very interesting idea in the cosmology. It consists in that the clusters of black holes which appeared during the hadronic era, may have become initial fluctuations for formation of stars and galaxies. If high consistence of the substance, which is required for the appearance of a black hole, can occur only in the compressible cores of large stars now, the consistence of the substance was high everywhere in the remote past just right after the Big Bang, which became the beginning of the Universe extension many billions of years ago. Therefore, small fluctuations of consistence could cause the formation of black holes of any weight at that time, but the smallest of them had to vaporize because of quantum effects, losing their weight in the form of emission and stream of particles. “The primary black holes” of over 1012 kg may have remained till now. The smallest of them of 1012 kg (as a small asteroid) have to be about 10-15 m (as a proton or a neutron) http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_colier/5971.
If we accept the idea of appearance of primary black holes during the hadronic age, the Universe evolution just had to occur rather otherwise. First of all after the end of the hadronic age and the beginning of the leptonic one – at 10-4 second from Planck’s time – all the substance of the Universe was divided between the large objects as a proton for that moment. It is quite possible if we take into account that the Universe diameter was less than 100 km for 10-4 second and the “substance” of the Big Bang spread with the speed of light. If the substance speed even exceeded the speed of light 10 times, the dimensions of the Universe would be much less. It’s clear, that because of such dimension of the Universe there wasn’t just space for such large objects, which are situated in the center of our galaxy. They appeared much later as a result of the collapse of super giant stars. Can a black hole of less than 1012 kg overcome gluon linkages of strong interaction with the force of its gravity for the absorption of a proton (for example)? In my opinion and broadly speaking it would have gulped, for example, it can just mount enough solid object as, for example, a basalt asteroid on itself, occupying the center of substances and not damaging that object in any way. Thus, it’s most probably if Schwarzschild’s radius of such a black hole is less than a hadron radius, it inevitably had to transpire. Everything, what doesn’t develop, dies. To my mind however there is more natural and alternative way of development. This is integration of substances or, if you wish, collision of black holes with each other. In such a case an integrated black hole changes its movement direction and with a high probability either obtain, or change, or lose the moment of impulse. The black holes of those times contributed to appearance of the first stars, galaxies and then also probably planets during their development. There was exactly such a sequence: First primary stars developed (As a rule these are super giant stars.), then spherical galaxies formed on the base of collapsed super new stars, and only after that modern spiral galaxies resulted from the collision of spherical galaxies, though there is some discrepancy there.
This discrepancy is spiral galaxy NGC 1300 and others, which are similar to it.
As for today it’s supposed the specific feature of galaxy NGC 1300 is the absence of an active core. It’s considered, that it proves the absence of a massive object in its center. I think, such an approach is quite radical, as all the afore-mentioned features of an active core are most of all characteristic for Kerr’s black holes. In a black hole, which doesn’t have a whirling gravitational field, substance falls direct across an event horizon into singularity. The x-ray radiation, releasing during this process, is absorbed by environment gas, which finally starts to radiate, but already in a visible range. We observe that. This is the bright glowing spot in the center of NGC 1300.
S.Hawking discovered the possibility of very slow spontaneous quantum "evaporation" of black holes. In 1974 he proved, that black holes (not only rotating, but any of them) can release any substance and emission, although it will be obvious only when the weight of the hole is relatively small. The powerful gravitational field near a black hole has to produce pairs “particle-antiparticle”. One of the particles of each pair is absorbed by a hole, and the second is released outside, for example, a black hole of 1012 kg has to act as an object of 1011 K, emitting very hard gamma-quanta and particles. It is considered, that the idea about "evaporation" of black holes completely contradicts classical concept of them as objects, which can’t emit.
Let's suppose, that the collision of black hole can result in substance emission, not contradicting Schwarzschild estimation (see fig. 0). It occurs when they inter-counteract gravitational fields before integration into singularity, approaching each other. It’s some kind of the “mini Big Bang”. On the principle that the majority of different systems are perfectly balanced, it’s true to assume, that pressure and probably temperature in singularity haveproportionally to increase with increasing of Schwarzschild radius, and the environment can disturb this balance.
fig. 0
This explosion should be something like the same as it has been presented by such a very simplified scheme. Actually, if such thing is possible, substance effusion has to start not so much because of the contact of event horizons, as the appearance of a singular bridge. I mean singular bridge is gravitational interaction between singularities proportionally influencing on them. A singular bridge binds only singularities, practically not influencing on other objects. As for NGC 1300 the bridge may have arisen at distance of over 150 000 light years. At this distance gravitational interaction already occurs between singularities at the side, facing an opposite black hole, and a gap appears in event horizon. At this place singularities can’t already hold themselves at a point and exactly at this moment substance is emitted with about light speed along singular bridge. If weights of black holes are significantly different during such their contacts, plasma stream can leave galaxy. In this case, the influence of whirling gravitational fields resulted in substance into connection point.
There is a supposition, the speed of the substance, discharged during the Big Bang, exceeded the light speed, but it disagree the relativistic theory. If the substance left the singularity in this way, it’s quite possible, it had the form of even not open particles, weakly interacting with gravitational fields, which could resist at unimaginable temperature. The official science isn’t ready to give a single answer, how the whole Universe arose from a huge black hole. And, nevertheless, the first moments were called hadronic period, but let's turn back to the holes.
If we accept the point of view about essential contribution of black holes to the Universe evolution, black holes of the same weight have to lose a definite part of their weight in the form of “primary” black holes, hydrogen and helium during their integration. The substance composition, discharging from singularities of the Big Bang and black holes, is the same as the proportion “hydrogen – helium”.
The other factor, strongly influencing the evolution of black holes, is whirling gravitational field. If we take into account, that the consistence degree of substance of super giant stars is less than the consistence degree of the Earth air, it’s quite possible, a black hole had not only to be small, but it also had to be Kerr’s black hole for becoming the center of a globule and then a star. In the nuclear age (about 105- 106 years from “Planck's time”), any “Kerr’s black hole” could become the superstar of the weight, exceeding the sun’s weight 200 times.
The "whirling" gravitational field, involving every neighbor object around a black hole in the rotation, is called Kerr’s field. This feature of black holes in the protostellar age could gain after the collision and the object, established by them, had the same feature and not vice-versa. In a globule center Kerr’s field interferes substance enter in an event horizon. In addition to that the particles or quanta can carry the energy of its rotation, passing through the ergosphere of such a hole, transferring it to external layers of environment hydrogen and strengthening centrifugal forces and increasing temperature of rotating substance. I think arising of a star was the following: Substance, attracting with gravitational forces right in the area of Kerr’s field because of particle friction, was a source of x-ray radiation. That energy was effectively absorbed by new layers of absorbed protons. The total weight of system quickly grew, and the increasing consistence of a gravitational field contributed to increasing of consistence, pressure and temperatures of substance in the center of system. The moment was coming, when the temperature was increasing so much, that the first spontaneous micro-reactions of nuclear fusion, caused by high temperature and maybe hard radiation, started in the area of Kerr’s field. These clusters because of sharp decrease of consistence degree were pushed aside from the center by colder and thicker gas layers. Convective heat exchange didn’t enable a thermonuclear explosion, taking into account the widespread meaning of this word. The total volume of future star gas was smoothly warmed up and mixed. In such a way they continued functioning as warmed up, and height of protuberances depended on the quantity of substance, dissipated by ergosphere. It seems to me, that stable and controlled nuclear fusion will be possible on the Earth only, when we will combine TOKAMAK and HADRON COLLIDER.
And now many millions years later the existence of the first super stars has ended with a collapse, spherical galaxies began developing on their places, and new chemical substances and probably dark substance appeared in their environment. Spiral galaxies didn’t exist for that period.
The quotation: “The abyss can have involved excitations of any level and amplitude. The bigger of them as sound waves can remained in the period from the early Universe till the crossover time, when the substance was enough hot for emission, absorption and diffusion of radiation. When this age was over, cold plasmarecombinated and stopped interacting with radiation. Pressure and speed of a sound in gas reduced, causing the transformation of sound waves into blast waves, compressing gas and making it collapse in galaxies and their conglomerations.” http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/krugosvet. Stanislavsky’s words: “I DON’T BELIEVE!”
` Nature of sound and the result of its influence raise doubts. I still suggest considering within this article, that the magnificence of our world and the Universe in general was originated with direct involvement of black holes. They, as common heavenly objects can rotate about their axes and joint axis, increase total weight and release energy and herewith substance by colliding.
As our club was established first of all for young people, but it’s more correctly to say, for adult and a little bit “over ripe” teenagers, let’s imagine with help of comics, how a spiral galaxy can have appeared from two super black holes or, correctly to say, from that, what they represented for that moment, namely, two spherical galaxies.
Let’s agree, that the space on the figures has a top and a bottom, left and right sides, what is for sure contrary to facts.
The Universe began extend right after the Big Bang. If all the objects which appeared as a result of its evolution were the same weight and size, nobody can have seen a huge spherical gas cloud, consisting of hydrogen and helium in proportion of 10:1, in relic "illumination" in 20 billion years from “Planck's time”.
Thus, by convention we consider that black holes appeared right after the Big Bang and only then – hydrogen and helium. The early Universe was anisotropic and heterogeneous due to “primary black holes”.
Here we try to determine the features of the contribution of black holes to formation of spiral galaxies. The photo of NGC1300 will be a basis of our examination, representing by convention a true galaxy image (fig.1).
Two or more black holes, which become spherical galaxies, moved to the general point of crossing after the afore-described processes after long and severe natural selection in the period of 107 - 109 year from the Universe appearance. The net, demonstrated in the video clip and being perpendicular to the plane, where the galaxies are moving, represents space. This process, taking some seconds of the video clip, had actually been lasting for billions of years.
Further we consider three views of the same approach of spherical galaxies on figures 1,2,3 (Who knowsdescriptive geometry, he/she will understand) .
Before crossing
After crossing
Fig. 1 displays spherical galaxies, we will call them
GG (green) and
GR (red) with all their elements, move at angle α/2 to the intersection plane, i.e. the plane of future spiral galaxy NGC 1300 (see photo 1) . An intersection plane is a place where their straight movement finishes, mutual absorption of a black hole and transfer to collision trajectories occur. The inertial and gravitational forces involve black holes into rotation about the joint axis. The arisen centrifugal forces interfere with fast integration of large objects and population of a spherical galaxy. Everything began when black holes approached each other in the center of spherical galaxies as much that their gravitational fields started to interact (see photo 2, A-B), i.e. they began to gravitate to each other with the certain acceleration.
At the moment of mutual gravitational capture of black holes through their brick acceleration, the black holes inside of its spherical galaxies shifted to each other and weakened gravitation with the objects which are at the opposite side of spherical galaxy sphere. That caused the discharge of the first stars of joining galaxies from external levels (see photo 2). These points, most likely are points of shifting of spherical galaxy from straight movement to collision trajectories. On photo 2 they are marked with red circles.
On photo 3 there is an interesting moment. Look, what turns out, if we connect the centers of the circles of the marked star clusters. The line passes through the center of the galaxy and the axis of the connecting link. The distances between the centers of these circles and the galaxy center are the same. In our case the conclusion must not be fundamental, but this line can be called intersection line. At the same time the bottom branch of the green arm
GGalso has a chain of bright stars around this place, but the line from this chain runs through the galaxy center into vacuous space.
GG had probably a double core.
The objects, marked red, should be stars or star systems, practically undamaged after the interaction of black holes. I correspondingly suppose that they must be older than the absolute majority of population and must be middle aged – about some billions of years, as our sun and probably older. In principle the space between them must be free of gas and dust.
If we examine the figure (see fig. 8), we see the sections of different density of stars on the both branches. We shall note the borders of these sections in Latin letters (see photo 2). There is no necessity to mark both branches as they are practically radio-symmetrical. “Practically” means that the branches are a little bit asymmetric (see fig. 5). The length of external border of finishing curve (section EF) up to the galaxy center L1 and L2 essentially differs: L1> L2. If we consider, that a red trajectory has smoother form, it is possible to assume, that in
GR there was a black hole which was 5-10 % heavier than a green one. Right after the discharge of the first group of stars (section A-B) we notice a clear dark site (B-C) (see photo 2). It seems that the stroke marging of the black hole stopped. The gravitational “lead”, binding it with any invisible large objects extremely stretched. Losing acceleration it was followed by its elements, attracted by gravitational forces of
Gr galaxy center. In this space of the trajectory the loss of a "red"
Gr galaxy was minimal, but the acceleration started increasing next moment (section С-D). In this period the galaxy wasn’t spherical any more, it was like a drop (see fig. 7).
That resulted on the one hand in the leaving the zones of black holes’ active influence at apogee by the orbits of some objects of spherical galaxies and on the other hand in “milling” and making approaching objects into gas and dust by whirling and gravitational field, blowing probably out larger objects of population into the formed arm with this mixture. I presume that black matter could have played a certain role in discharging of large objects from re-appeared spherical galaxy into an arm. We still remember the shots of the space station “Mir”, falling into the ocean. Let's revise its excellent pass through the upper atmosphere under influence of aerodynamic resistance of the atmosphere. It was losing the parts of its framework. Being less thick they fell slower in the atmosphere and followed the main body as a long tail. The gravitational field of dark matter had about the same effect.
We see that there is one more a dark site of the trajectory, marked on figure 2 as section D-E, next to the zone of stable acceleration. There are many bright and large objects in this area of the photo of not good quality, and they don’t form the chain as on the previous section of the arm. That is very similar to a sudden decreasing of an acceleration rate. The losses of large objects sharply decreased again on this section of the trajectory. Only the emission of gas and dust didn’t decrease: that was caused with the chaos inside
GR. It seems that the closing rate became maximum, and more or less the situation settled down. It would have been easy to explain that effect if spherical galaxies started to move away from each other, having reached minimally possible distance at that stage. The projection of the point of the beginning of "dark" section D-E in the top view and the right-side view didn’t clear the situation too. Most likely I didn’t manage to make correctly the projection of trajectories on fig. 4 (top view) and fig. 6 (right-side view). Both galaxies move in the same plane with a constant speed from a point of the Big Bang, but with acceleration towards to each other. Thus, the distance between them should change with a geometrical progression.
The assumption of acceleration decreasing because of gravitational influence of any third large object, being in the point of collision has also right to exist. Then this process should run a little in another way. All three large objects are moving in the same plane and along one line of intersection. It’s very similar to the parade of planets which probably tore apart the hypothetical planet with the integrated gravitational fields in the remote past. I draw your attention to that on photo 3 the distance between spherical galaxies
GR,
GG and that, what the center of the spiral galaxy is now, is the same: L1=L2. At the same time we see, that on photo 5 the view changed after turning of the galaxies around the center: distance L2 became longer than L1. It means, L1 may have been even longer, passing point D, because the central object, being between two powerful sources of gravitation, must interact through moving along the trajectory to larger one. As the main giant black holes became the centers of spherical galaxies up to the collision according to the conditions of our research, the question arises by itself: Where did stellar population of the central large object disappear? The third variant is fantastic enough, based on the wave of new trends on the influence of a dark matter on a “light” one. Imagine fruit jelly! If we try to cut it with a blunt thing, for example with a match, under influence of applied force and before colloid bonds will break, it will strain after the match and revert to the original state right after it will be cut. In this case the jelly represents the dark matter "dissolved" in space. Its gravitational influence probably moved the population of
G
R to the present position. Such influence would also explain the intermittent motion of black hole
GR to the collision point. On the basis of the existing assumption, that galaxies don’t arise from nothing, the existence of dark substance can explain the existence of the third central large object which was afore-mentioned. This cluster of dark matter with a black hole in the center is that what constitute the halo of galaxy NGC 1300 now. Further here is the last most striking assumption: the precession of Кerr’s fields, probably influencing the interaction force of gravitational fields between large objects. I shall say, gravity can increase or decrease when the axis of rotation moment become parallel to each other after precession. That’s, I just have no otherversions. I can’t explain the simultaneous changing of matter consistence in the arms of spiral galaxies in any other way and that’s why you, my dear readers, will say the last word.
As a pendulum of an old clock passes a dead center, so the large object
G
R mechanically skip the cluster center of the future spiral galaxy. Having reached the end-point Е (photo 20), it started to speed up again, falling into the center of the future spiral galaxy. The sharp turn before the finishing "straight line", marked on photo 2 by spots FG, helped the black hole to get free of almost all the last stars (see photo 2 and fig. 8, the areas, marked with green ellipses) and if the projection on fig. 5 is true, it occurs almost along a straight line. Jus during this period the matter of black holes was dispersing into the intersection of the galaxy from the spot F up to spot 0. Dust of torn apart stars, encircling the black hole, was blown out into the same place under pressure of photons or the generated plasma. Then, after the collision Kerr’s fields were interneutralized, and the large object in the center of NGC 1300 stopped displaying its activity.
I could finish my article now, but during the work at the article I read a lot of corresponding reference materials again and by reference accepted truth, that there are no accidents and every source is limited, I’ve drawn the conclusions, which have amazed even me.
CONCLUSIONS
IF 1. If there are no accidents, the Big Bang is a cyclic process. If it’s even, what I doubt, the first thing, which appeared was the Time, if it certainly didn’t exist all the time. The Time as a clock generator of a computer influences all the processes of the microcosm, beginning from a spin of the most elementary particles which have no zero mass. If the Time stops, the matter will disappear.
IF 2. Then the space developed, if it actually is a form of the matter.
Nowadays there are two models of space: with negative and positive curvature. If we consider, that any resource is limited, the space most likely should be closed and should have precise borders. Why did we begin considering that it is unbounded? This is an archaic notion of something vast and infinite, what is floating turtle or three whales over the centuries transformed into limitless space, a holdover from the old. If everything what was mentioned above, arose from one point, the space, most likely also related to that initial point in any way and that’s why can have a three-dimensional form. Imagine a form of a ring with the internal diameter, which is equal to singularity (see fig. 9). It’s ideal if we will consider that our space has only one singularity, which everything appeared from. We, the humanity, most likely won’t know what external form the space has. The internal borders are as clear as an event horizon of black holes, influencing the space form by the way. Why was the ring form chosen? This figure is simple and has an internal diameter, which is equal to zero and closes on one point.
Only after afore-mentioned things “Planck's Time” started.
fig. 9
fig.10
IF 3. Three advantages of the Big Bang model: 1. It’s spherical in all the visible part of the Universe. 2. The objects fly with the same speed. 3. The proportion of gases is the same in all its visible part – hydrogen:helium- 10 :1.
According to Einstein it would be more correct to consider gravitational anomalies, such as black holes, as space deformation. We can paraphrase V.Mayakovsky’s words: “we say “space” and mean “a gravitational field”, we say “a gravitational field” and mean “space”. If you wish, it’s more correct to call space deformation an increasing of consistence rate of a gravitational field. The effect of gravity forces in the space was marked with red arrows on fig.10. It turns out, that in the center there is an area of absolute free fall. If the speed of the Universe expansion is increasing, it means that it already passed the most part of its way of the extension, and gravitational influence on our Universe should increase proportionally to the distance up to a curved border of the space (see fig. 10) and along the border up to the initial point (the center of space and the Universe) where all the matter flows down, which got on a border of space, clustering for the next Big Bang. In this case the speed of the matter of the extending Universe, achieved after the Big Bang should decrease in the first half of the way, leaving from space borders, and then, having passed the middle of the way, should increase, approaching space borders. The structure of the space border is most likely the same as a structure of a black hole. Its border should start from an event horizon. The well known researcher of black holes with a lantern, having passed space border, won’t notice a special difference and will fall in the center of the space, as the center of a black hole. I won’t surprise, if having got into any of black holes he will fall in one and the same singularity. Isn’t the space a black hole in such a case?
IF 4. The last thing. If the space still has the form of a ring, the spherical form of the Universe is out of the question. It is most likely oval in section. The only visible for us central area of the Universe, which is equally distant from space borders, is spherical.
